A 7-judge bench dramatically widened the scope of Article 21, holding that the 'procedure established by law' for depriving a person of life or personal liberty must be fair, just and reasonable — not arbitrary, oppressive or fanciful. The Court held that Articles 14, 19 and 21 are not water-tight compartments but form a 'golden triangle': a law affecting personal liberty must also satisfy the guarantees of equality (Article 14) and the freedoms under Article 19. The narrow view in A.K. Gopalan was overruled.